Tardive Dyskinesia Clinical Manifestations
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is characterized by involuntary, repetitive, stereotyped movements that most often involve the mouth, face, and tongue. [1][2] Symptoms may also affect the eyes, trunk, and limbs. [1][2]
Orofacial Dyskinesia Features
Common TD symptoms include lip smacking, puckering, pursing, and grimacing. [1][2] Tongue protrusion or darting and rhythmic jaw movements are common manifestations. [1][2] Chewing-like movements of the mouth and lateral tongue movements may occur. [1][2]
Neck, Trunk, and Limb Movements
TD can involve the neck with twisting or jerking movements. [2] Body rocking and other truncal movements can occur in TD. [1] The arms and legs may show involuntary movements, including jerky or choreiform-appearing motions. [2]
Eye and Facial Motor Symptoms
Rapid blinking and eyebrow movements can occur with TD. [1][2] Facial movements may appear as combinations of grimacing, tongue movements, and mouth noises. [1]
Speech and Swallowing-Related Manifestations
TD may cause speech changes due to involuntary mouth and tongue movements. [2] Swallowing difficulty can occur when oropharyngeal muscles are involved. [2]
Persistence After Medication Exposure
TD symptoms may persist after discontinuation of dopamine-blocking medications. [1][2]
Urgent Evaluation Indicators
Urgent evaluation is indicated for TD-related breathing problems, including laryngospasm or severe respiratory dyskinesia. [2]